D
Deleted member 541
Thanks for the article. I am ALWAYS tired, but then again I have Fibromyalgia, and a ton of other illnesses to go along with it....
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PTSD And Its Relevance To Hypoglycemia
- Post starter anthony
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Grama-Herc
Diamond Member
I find it extremely interesting that during periods of stress your body dumps cholesterol and glucose. Fits into the fact that my doc flipped out over the recent severe increase in my levels. Gonna do more research myself on this. Thanks guys!!!!!
D
Deleted member 541
I would think Herc, that your levels are up, because you are not taking care of yourself. Eating crap, not exercising, being the biggest culprits.....
Grama-Herc
Diamond Member
True, but this is an interesting possiblitity and an alternate way of looking at things.
I have the whole fibromyalgia thing going too and it sucks. Targeting bringing the overall insulin level and bringing it down worked for me which is done by not eating a lot of crappy food. Much less body pain, a most definite positive. I also heard a woman on PBS who talked about adrenal exhaustion where your so stressed you excrete tons of adreniline and burn your adrenal glands out. I'll have to read more on that but hormones have a lot to do with how we function.
My theory is if our bodies dump in glucose and adreneline and cholestorol when we are stressed and in flight/fight mode and people with PTSD are always hyper-vigilant and anxious then it seems like these levels could be higher on an ongoing basis but then I don't got no medical degree hangin on my wall : )
Gina
My theory is if our bodies dump in glucose and adreneline and cholestorol when we are stressed and in flight/fight mode and people with PTSD are always hyper-vigilant and anxious then it seems like these levels could be higher on an ongoing basis but then I don't got no medical degree hangin on my wall : )
Gina
Jurriaan Plesman
New Here
I was quite surprised to read that I was a Doctor of psychiatry, and this goes to show that people who aim to criticize the connection between hypoglycemia and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) have not done their home work or read any of my numerous original articles dealing with the psychonutritional therapy of PTSD.
It is fashionable to believe that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is triggered by a traumatic event and has a created a "psychological" cascade of irrational fears long after the effluxion of time from the original trauma.
The attraction of the "psychoanalytical interpretation" of PTSD is of course its simplicity, that PTSD is considered one of the "mental illnesses", which by definition it is to be an illness of the mind, and not the body. This means, that its treatment is simply accomplished by a process of "changing the mind" with a series of talk therapy sessions aimed at "retraining the mind".
Most psychotherapists are fully aware that this process is not as simple as it sounds, and that therapy may take time, perhaps years to accomplish "changing of the mind" of a PTSD patient. Many studies have been published about the success and/or failure of psychotherapeutic approach in PTSD cases, and some authors have even concluded that PTSD may be incurable, especially the chronic type of PTSD.
The complexity of this kind of talk therapy is explained by the assumed complexity of the mind in the eyes of psychologists, who have designed the mind as consisting of the "conscious" and the "unconscious" mind, each of which have their own laws of nature. Of course, there are many other forms of psychotherapy, that do not assume an "unconscious mind", but rather see the mind as learning organ that can be changed by the various behaviouristic techniques such as in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Systematic Desensitisation, or Relaxation Therapy and so on. Many of these techniques are merely "management techniques" (like breathing exercises), that temporarily mask symptoms, but do not "cure" the problem and need to be repeated as is the case with with drug therapy.
One such "management technique" could be the use of GLYCERINE, which bypasses the pancreas and does not stimulate insulin secretion. One table spoon of glycerine in a glass of water with a dash or lemonade (to improve taste), will stop the adrenaline rush. It has a calming effect. lowers anxiety and may improve sleeping. It certainly will demonstrate that you may be hypoglycemic if it calms you. But remember it is not a cure and without proper treatment It may leads to "treatment resistance" .
Thus, it is argued, the reason why PTSD patients do not benefit immediately from these kinds of psychotherapy is explained by the imagined complexity of the mind and not because therapists are ignoring the underlying biochemical abnormality that is really responsible for most mood disorders, including PTSD.
The success in treating PTSD depends naturally on the seriousness and nature of PTSD. Some milder forms can be treated psychologically, but in the majority of cases PTSD, that seem to become treatment resistant, remains a very difficult illness to treat. This is why it is necessary to look at alternatives, that will necessarily place the psychological aspects in a subordinate position.
There is an important practically self-evident principle in Psychonutritional Therapy that says:
THAT IF A MOOD DISORDER IS CAUSED BY AN UNDERLYING BIOCHEMICAL DISORDER, NO AMOUNT OF TALK THERAPY IS GOING HELP THAT PERSON, UNLESS THAT BIOLOGICAL DISORDER HAS BEEN TREATED FIRST.
Now it happens to be the case that most of these (but not all) of these underlying biochemical abnormalities can be treated without recourse to drugs and by nutritional means. This is because it has been found that most people with mood disorders - including PTSD - have been found to be positive to a test for hypoglycemia as distinct from diabetes type II.
Hypoglycemia can be treated without recourse to drugs by the adoption of the hypoglycemia diet. This does not mean, as has been assumed in this thread, that NUTRITION ALONE can treat all forms of mood disorders. There are many silent diseases - meaning diseases that a person may not be aware of, or which has not been diagnosed - that in addition to hypoglycemia or separately from it, may be responsible for mood disorders.
But let us concentrate on hypoglycemia and its connection to PTSD, because this is the main subject of this thread. The term means low blood sugar levels (BSLs), and this will confuse many professionals in the medical fraternity. It is an unfortunate term, because it is characterised by unstable blood sugar levels - going up and down and not necessarily low BSL - which is therefore responsible for the excretion of excess stress hormones from the adrenal glands, quite unrelated to what may be going on in the environment. This will occur when he brain senses a hypoglycemic dip.
Because mainstream medicine does nor recognize the existence of hypoglycemia, most conventional doctors do not know how to test for hypoglycemia as distinct from diabetes. This is one reason why we are now experiencing an epidemic of diabetes, as hypoglycemia is in fact the forerunner of diabetes. Testing for hypoglycemia is part of preventative medicine, rarely practised by mainstream medicine. It may take twenty years for hypoglycemia to develop into full-blow diabetes type II. Dr George Samra of Kogarah, NSW, Australia, has designed a test for hypoglycemia, as distinct from diabetes. One should be able to find this on the internet.
Seen from a psychonutritional point of view, PTSD is caused by erratic secretion of adrenaline due to a metabolic disorder that has been triggered by a traumatic event in the past into an ongoing illness. Adrenaline is a fight/flight hormone - a fear hormone - that functions to activate a person to take strenuous action in the face of danger occurring in the environment. It supplies instant energy (glucose) to the body for action. In the absence of a actual fear in the environment, the person will be apt to make up a story that would justify the experience of fear for no rational reason. It is natural that a traumatic event is seen to have triggered PTSD, and would be perceived as the cause of these reactions.
To understand what is going on, we need to realize that adrenaline functions in the body to convert glucose stores in the body - glycogen - into glucose, whenever it senses a glucose starvation. Glucose (itself derived from carbohydrates) is one of the precursor to biological energy called ATP, that is necessary to convert one molecule into another, such as in the conversion of tryptophan found in food into the feel good neurotransmitter called serotonin.
The brain is highly dependent on glucose, although it is only 2% of the body. When a person suffers from hypoglycemia - meaning blood sugar levels going up and down - during the hypoglycemic dip, the brain is starved of energy and it will immediately trigger the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands. This occur in matters of seconds. This will feed the brain with the indispensable glucose as the source of biological energy. The brain cannot get its energy from any other source. But adrenaline causes a fear response.
Thus PTSD is simply a sign of hypoglycemia. This explains why some people experience PTSD and others do not among similar circumstance. A PTSD patient may have been suffering from hypoglycemia at the time of the traumatic event (a silent disease at the time) and the person not experiencing PTSD did not suffer from a potential metabolic disorder that could be triggering mood disorders.
Going back to the important principle of psychonutritional therapy mentioned above, the metabolic disorder needs to be treated BEFORE any psychosocial consideration. To ignore the biological aspect is turning PTSD into a "treatment resistant disease".
Thus the first step in treatment is the adoption of the hypoglycemic diet, supplemented with vitamins an minerals, and adjusted to the individual needs of the person. If no drugs have been used, the hypo diet should show its beneficial effects within three months. If drugs have been used, receptors for neurotransmitters in the brain may have been damaged, in which case it takes much longer (up to a year) for a diet high in amino acids (high protein diet) to repair this damage.
I suggest that people familiarise themselves with the principles of nutritional psychotherapy (info from internet). This will help you to discuss any problems you may encounter. The more you know, the more cost-effective your consultation will be with these expensive and specialist health care workers.
This is not to be interpreted to mean that hypoglycemia ALONE is responsible for all mood disorders. There are many other silent diseases that need to be taken into account.
It is fashionable to believe that Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is triggered by a traumatic event and has a created a "psychological" cascade of irrational fears long after the effluxion of time from the original trauma.
The attraction of the "psychoanalytical interpretation" of PTSD is of course its simplicity, that PTSD is considered one of the "mental illnesses", which by definition it is to be an illness of the mind, and not the body. This means, that its treatment is simply accomplished by a process of "changing the mind" with a series of talk therapy sessions aimed at "retraining the mind".
Most psychotherapists are fully aware that this process is not as simple as it sounds, and that therapy may take time, perhaps years to accomplish "changing of the mind" of a PTSD patient. Many studies have been published about the success and/or failure of psychotherapeutic approach in PTSD cases, and some authors have even concluded that PTSD may be incurable, especially the chronic type of PTSD.
The complexity of this kind of talk therapy is explained by the assumed complexity of the mind in the eyes of psychologists, who have designed the mind as consisting of the "conscious" and the "unconscious" mind, each of which have their own laws of nature. Of course, there are many other forms of psychotherapy, that do not assume an "unconscious mind", but rather see the mind as learning organ that can be changed by the various behaviouristic techniques such as in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT), Systematic Desensitisation, or Relaxation Therapy and so on. Many of these techniques are merely "management techniques" (like breathing exercises), that temporarily mask symptoms, but do not "cure" the problem and need to be repeated as is the case with with drug therapy.
One such "management technique" could be the use of GLYCERINE, which bypasses the pancreas and does not stimulate insulin secretion. One table spoon of glycerine in a glass of water with a dash or lemonade (to improve taste), will stop the adrenaline rush. It has a calming effect. lowers anxiety and may improve sleeping. It certainly will demonstrate that you may be hypoglycemic if it calms you. But remember it is not a cure and without proper treatment It may leads to "treatment resistance" .
Thus, it is argued, the reason why PTSD patients do not benefit immediately from these kinds of psychotherapy is explained by the imagined complexity of the mind and not because therapists are ignoring the underlying biochemical abnormality that is really responsible for most mood disorders, including PTSD.
The success in treating PTSD depends naturally on the seriousness and nature of PTSD. Some milder forms can be treated psychologically, but in the majority of cases PTSD, that seem to become treatment resistant, remains a very difficult illness to treat. This is why it is necessary to look at alternatives, that will necessarily place the psychological aspects in a subordinate position.
There is an important practically self-evident principle in Psychonutritional Therapy that says:
THAT IF A MOOD DISORDER IS CAUSED BY AN UNDERLYING BIOCHEMICAL DISORDER, NO AMOUNT OF TALK THERAPY IS GOING HELP THAT PERSON, UNLESS THAT BIOLOGICAL DISORDER HAS BEEN TREATED FIRST.
Now it happens to be the case that most of these (but not all) of these underlying biochemical abnormalities can be treated without recourse to drugs and by nutritional means. This is because it has been found that most people with mood disorders - including PTSD - have been found to be positive to a test for hypoglycemia as distinct from diabetes type II.
Hypoglycemia can be treated without recourse to drugs by the adoption of the hypoglycemia diet. This does not mean, as has been assumed in this thread, that NUTRITION ALONE can treat all forms of mood disorders. There are many silent diseases - meaning diseases that a person may not be aware of, or which has not been diagnosed - that in addition to hypoglycemia or separately from it, may be responsible for mood disorders.
But let us concentrate on hypoglycemia and its connection to PTSD, because this is the main subject of this thread. The term means low blood sugar levels (BSLs), and this will confuse many professionals in the medical fraternity. It is an unfortunate term, because it is characterised by unstable blood sugar levels - going up and down and not necessarily low BSL - which is therefore responsible for the excretion of excess stress hormones from the adrenal glands, quite unrelated to what may be going on in the environment. This will occur when he brain senses a hypoglycemic dip.
Because mainstream medicine does nor recognize the existence of hypoglycemia, most conventional doctors do not know how to test for hypoglycemia as distinct from diabetes. This is one reason why we are now experiencing an epidemic of diabetes, as hypoglycemia is in fact the forerunner of diabetes. Testing for hypoglycemia is part of preventative medicine, rarely practised by mainstream medicine. It may take twenty years for hypoglycemia to develop into full-blow diabetes type II. Dr George Samra of Kogarah, NSW, Australia, has designed a test for hypoglycemia, as distinct from diabetes. One should be able to find this on the internet.
Seen from a psychonutritional point of view, PTSD is caused by erratic secretion of adrenaline due to a metabolic disorder that has been triggered by a traumatic event in the past into an ongoing illness. Adrenaline is a fight/flight hormone - a fear hormone - that functions to activate a person to take strenuous action in the face of danger occurring in the environment. It supplies instant energy (glucose) to the body for action. In the absence of a actual fear in the environment, the person will be apt to make up a story that would justify the experience of fear for no rational reason. It is natural that a traumatic event is seen to have triggered PTSD, and would be perceived as the cause of these reactions.
To understand what is going on, we need to realize that adrenaline functions in the body to convert glucose stores in the body - glycogen - into glucose, whenever it senses a glucose starvation. Glucose (itself derived from carbohydrates) is one of the precursor to biological energy called ATP, that is necessary to convert one molecule into another, such as in the conversion of tryptophan found in food into the feel good neurotransmitter called serotonin.
The brain is highly dependent on glucose, although it is only 2% of the body. When a person suffers from hypoglycemia - meaning blood sugar levels going up and down - during the hypoglycemic dip, the brain is starved of energy and it will immediately trigger the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands. This occur in matters of seconds. This will feed the brain with the indispensable glucose as the source of biological energy. The brain cannot get its energy from any other source. But adrenaline causes a fear response.
Thus PTSD is simply a sign of hypoglycemia. This explains why some people experience PTSD and others do not among similar circumstance. A PTSD patient may have been suffering from hypoglycemia at the time of the traumatic event (a silent disease at the time) and the person not experiencing PTSD did not suffer from a potential metabolic disorder that could be triggering mood disorders.
Going back to the important principle of psychonutritional therapy mentioned above, the metabolic disorder needs to be treated BEFORE any psychosocial consideration. To ignore the biological aspect is turning PTSD into a "treatment resistant disease".
Thus the first step in treatment is the adoption of the hypoglycemic diet, supplemented with vitamins an minerals, and adjusted to the individual needs of the person. If no drugs have been used, the hypo diet should show its beneficial effects within three months. If drugs have been used, receptors for neurotransmitters in the brain may have been damaged, in which case it takes much longer (up to a year) for a diet high in amino acids (high protein diet) to repair this damage.
I suggest that people familiarise themselves with the principles of nutritional psychotherapy (info from internet). This will help you to discuss any problems you may encounter. The more you know, the more cost-effective your consultation will be with these expensive and specialist health care workers.
This is not to be interpreted to mean that hypoglycemia ALONE is responsible for all mood disorders. There are many other silent diseases that need to be taken into account.
PTSD sufferer
Platinum Member
Mr Plesman,
I noticed that you joined yesterday. I also noticed that your posting said you have PTSD (somewhere among the list of your qualifications). Then, this thread, which was last discussed March 2010 popped up.....
Please excuse my directness, but I feel I must ask....did you Google your name, come across this site and join for that purpose? Most of the posts you have contributed to date seem, IMHO, to push your own 'theory' which makes me (for one) quite uncomfortable.
Please be careful about 'pushing' your ideas in this forum. You don't know individual's cases, and most of the people on this forum have Drs and Therapists, who are caring for us, and who know our cases and make recommendations based on knowing us personally. They are the ones that should be giving advice as to whether we need to be on medication, or not, and the various types of treatment and courses of action required so that we can get well.
Of course, we do our own research, and try other things such as 'nutrition', to help improve our quality of life (as does anyone). We also need to take these ideas back to our T and Drs to ensure that such activities are suitable with the treatments regime they recommend. I would always recommend that (even with vitamins and herbal remedies) people consult their Drs and T to make sure things don't react badly with each other and cause other problems for their treatment.
Although I admire your passion and conviction with your own exploration of nutrition, this a 'theory'. I say theory, as your particular work has not been academically reviewed and published, you have not published academic papers in peer journals, and as such, is just a theory. As I understand, you have a Bachelor in Psychology and a Diploma in Nutrition. This means, for me personally, you have an interest in these areas, have undertaken 'some study', but are not an expert on the subject.
I believe Anthony's review was very good, objective (as always), and I personally concur with all of his comments. Again, I can see you are very passionate, I am glad you corrected that you are NOT a Dr (medical or Phd).
But please, be very careful about how you use this forum.
People here have been and are going through a very rough time, and need support which is given through the 'sharing of experiences' of those who suffer and care....individuals medical care is for individual's experts (Drs and Therapists) who know individuals cases to recommend....lets let them do their job.
I noticed that you joined yesterday. I also noticed that your posting said you have PTSD (somewhere among the list of your qualifications). Then, this thread, which was last discussed March 2010 popped up.....
Please excuse my directness, but I feel I must ask....did you Google your name, come across this site and join for that purpose? Most of the posts you have contributed to date seem, IMHO, to push your own 'theory' which makes me (for one) quite uncomfortable.
Please be careful about 'pushing' your ideas in this forum. You don't know individual's cases, and most of the people on this forum have Drs and Therapists, who are caring for us, and who know our cases and make recommendations based on knowing us personally. They are the ones that should be giving advice as to whether we need to be on medication, or not, and the various types of treatment and courses of action required so that we can get well.
Of course, we do our own research, and try other things such as 'nutrition', to help improve our quality of life (as does anyone). We also need to take these ideas back to our T and Drs to ensure that such activities are suitable with the treatments regime they recommend. I would always recommend that (even with vitamins and herbal remedies) people consult their Drs and T to make sure things don't react badly with each other and cause other problems for their treatment.
Although I admire your passion and conviction with your own exploration of nutrition, this a 'theory'. I say theory, as your particular work has not been academically reviewed and published, you have not published academic papers in peer journals, and as such, is just a theory. As I understand, you have a Bachelor in Psychology and a Diploma in Nutrition. This means, for me personally, you have an interest in these areas, have undertaken 'some study', but are not an expert on the subject.
I believe Anthony's review was very good, objective (as always), and I personally concur with all of his comments. Again, I can see you are very passionate, I am glad you corrected that you are NOT a Dr (medical or Phd).
But please, be very careful about how you use this forum.
People here have been and are going through a very rough time, and need support which is given through the 'sharing of experiences' of those who suffer and care....individuals medical care is for individual's experts (Drs and Therapists) who know individuals cases to recommend....lets let them do their job.
A
Anna
Wow.. Thanks for posting that. For the past 10 years I have suffered from low blood sugar and never knew why. It is only bad to the point where I need to have sugary snacks with me all the time. The doctor told me all I can do is eat sugar. If my blood sugar drops I get tired and get the shakes pretty bad. Worse is the headache.
My doctor is monitoring it as one of my family members has diabetes. Only one though. It is interesting to see that hypoglycemia is a forerunner to diabetes. It is sad to see that they don't really try to find a way to prevent it. I really hope I can control my blood sugar with diet and don't ever develop full blown diabetes where I will need to take insulin.
My doctor is monitoring it as one of my family members has diabetes. Only one though. It is interesting to see that hypoglycemia is a forerunner to diabetes. It is sad to see that they don't really try to find a way to prevent it. I really hope I can control my blood sugar with diet and don't ever develop full blown diabetes where I will need to take insulin.
Fascinating debate!
My sufferer is in the process of having "everything endocrine" tested and re-tested to establish the cause and extent of pituitary failure.
High cholesterol (high levels off good and bad)
low cortisol
Low testosterone
erratic sugar levels
low growth hormone
He has all of the above and currently smells like a bag of copper coins.
All of the individual lows and highs listed above can it seems contribute to tipping ones mental state off balance and all I can say is that since commencing cortisol replacement we have seen significant improvement in his condition.
Yes he's been on a shed load of anti psychotics and antidepressants for some months but the transformation with the cortisol is outstanding.
He is still at the extreme end of ptsd but now that his physical state is being adressed it means he is starting to be able to make progress with trauma therapy whereas before he felt as though he was just going around in circles..
My sufferer is in the process of having "everything endocrine" tested and re-tested to establish the cause and extent of pituitary failure.
High cholesterol (high levels off good and bad)
low cortisol
Low testosterone
erratic sugar levels
low growth hormone
He has all of the above and currently smells like a bag of copper coins.
All of the individual lows and highs listed above can it seems contribute to tipping ones mental state off balance and all I can say is that since commencing cortisol replacement we have seen significant improvement in his condition.
Yes he's been on a shed load of anti psychotics and antidepressants for some months but the transformation with the cortisol is outstanding.
He is still at the extreme end of ptsd but now that his physical state is being adressed it means he is starting to be able to make progress with trauma therapy whereas before he felt as though he was just going around in circles..
BloomInWinter
VIP Member
What Mr. Plesman lacks in credentials and properly cited, vetted, peer-reviewed journal articles he more than makes up for in contradicting, invalidating comments.
I find his responses best explained by a desire to promote his book...but this information does nothing to bring 'support' to this 'support forum...' other than more self-promoting conflict.
His articles cite his own work...his websites link back to his own posts...his 'expertise' in NO way is even close to the realm of any expertise in PTSD...and he says the same things about PTSD as he does about depression and other legitimate diagnoses.
"I have a degree in Psychology from the Sydney University and a Postgraduate Diploma in Clinical Nutrition. I am also the author of “GETTING OFF THE HOOK” which deals with the nutritional and psychological treatment of personality disorders. It is freely available on the internet at Google Book Search. I am interested in the relationship between nutrition and behaviour, and as a Probation ans Parole Officer facilitated groups for offenders, many of whom were alcoholics and drug addicts, sex offenders or compulsive gamblers, as well as the whole gamut of “personality disorders”. I am also the ex-editor of the Hypoglycemic Health Association of Australia Newsletter, a quarterly publication dealing with hypoglycemia and related health problems. Its web site, together with a shortened course of PSYCHOTHERAPY can be visited at: http://www.hypoglycemia.asn.au" Source: Link Removed
His "articles" are "published" on the "registered charity" website at http://www.hypoglycemia.asn.au/ - NOT a professional organization by any stretch of the imagination. But you, too, can be a member for 22.00.
Beware of those who 'claim' expertise but have no credentials to back it up.
I will read no more of this troll's posts.
BloomInWinter
VIP Member
Helpful information on evaluating 'Health Information' on the web...
"Evaluating Health Information on the Internet
Unlike information found in medical textbooks, which has been evaluated and edited by professionals, the information on the Internet is unfiltered. It is up to the user to evaluate and judge how good the information really is. When looking for health information it is particularly important to think about the information critically and examine the Web site carefully. Listed below are some questions and tips to think about when searching for good health information on the Internet.
What type of site is it? Is it a government site, educational or commercial? Look at the web address for the extension. The most common are .gov for government, .edu for educational, .com for commercial and .org for organizational.
Who is sponsoring the site? A good Web site will make sponsorship information clear. There should also be an address (besides an e-mail address) or a phone number to contact for more information.
What are the credentials of the sponsor or author of the material on site? If it is an organization or association, is it nationally recognized or is it a local group? Also, are the author's qualifications relevant to the topic being discussed? For example, someone with a Ph.D. in psychology should not necessarily be accepted as an expert on nutrition."
Source: http://pennstatehershey.org/web/commhealth/home/resources
"Evaluating Health Information on the Internet
Unlike information found in medical textbooks, which has been evaluated and edited by professionals, the information on the Internet is unfiltered. It is up to the user to evaluate and judge how good the information really is. When looking for health information it is particularly important to think about the information critically and examine the Web site carefully. Listed below are some questions and tips to think about when searching for good health information on the Internet.
What type of site is it? Is it a government site, educational or commercial? Look at the web address for the extension. The most common are .gov for government, .edu for educational, .com for commercial and .org for organizational.
Who is sponsoring the site? A good Web site will make sponsorship information clear. There should also be an address (besides an e-mail address) or a phone number to contact for more information.
What are the credentials of the sponsor or author of the material on site? If it is an organization or association, is it nationally recognized or is it a local group? Also, are the author's qualifications relevant to the topic being discussed? For example, someone with a Ph.D. in psychology should not necessarily be accepted as an expert on nutrition."
Source: http://pennstatehershey.org/web/commhealth/home/resources
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