What about self-punishment? Do you put that under endorphin rush?
If there is a physical sensation that arises from it that is somehow rewarding (I don't necessarily mean pleasant.. just any kind of physical reaction one can feel in addition to/instead of pain) - then yes; even if the emotional component is shame.
Parallel example: I have a very physical response to sugar. It gives me a 'high', and then knocks me out. A little like alcohol, actually. But I can't drink anymore because it is havoc on my meds. Now, I also have a significant weight problem and am pre-diabetic. So, I should avoid sugar for those reasons. But sometimes when I am really really low, I have a sugar craving that is extreme, and tied to:
- the way it will affect me chemically
- the way I will feel during - it's complicated, but it is a kind of self punishment. It's not pleasurable, it's a way to hate myself.
Afterwards, I aways am simultaneously in a state of shame, and in a hazy sugar high, then I crash. Which is where the relief actually is.
That's how self-punishment can have a paradoxical effect. It creates physical sensation that is rewarding and provides relief, in some way.
But - if the punishment is not tied to significant physical feelings; it's instead a way of taking action - then it's a paradoxical attempt to get help. So, you feel bad, you need to do something, you can't/won't turn to anyone, you feel worse, you hate yourself for being so f*cked up, the need to take action intensifies, and you resolve it by causing harm to yourself. Causing harm to yourself is the available option - but people who do this are generally aware on some level that they feel trapped, with no other option than to hurt themselves. They want another option, but don't believe they are allowed it, or don't believe they are worth it, etc. By essentially writing their pain on their body, they can hope that their pain will be seen. People who are in this situation are also often terrified of the consequences of being intervened on - it's an awful kind of being terrified and desperate.
That's how self-punishment can be tied to attention-seeking.
Of course the world is not black and white - so as you said, there's a spectrum, and there are levels of intensity. But I think it's good, if a person has the headspace for it, to figure out what the end goal of their self-harm is.
It's also important to note that
not everyone who self harms sees it as tied to suicide. So, if you are a person who views it that way, then that is also information for yourself.