Eleanor, that is a huge question, the times that really got me were times when I couldn't answer the question, such as at the beginning of nursing school; I was supposed to describe the function of the male anatomy, no warning. Firstly, that long ago, I really and truly didn't know, it was not talked about, I had to stand there the whole time in complete silence, I did not know anything about it, zip. Eventually a male student got up and voluntarily described it, took all of thirty seconds, but I didn't hear it, so I still didn't know, fear had locked me out.
If my assignment had been related to me, possibly I could have answered the question, so what I think could help is to find out what the student is interested in and what they'd be willing to talk about, something safe, get an agreement ahead of time so that they are not put into shock, suggest that you 'may' ask the student to talk about it next class, so they know that they 'have permission to talk' and then make sure you follow through by asking the student in class, and continue to do it, so that some trust and expectations are met, once would be ok, but consistency would make a difference. Don't single them out for special treatment, do the same with some other students, otherwise it'll back fire. I think safety is the main thing, fear of ridicule hurt me a great deal, once that starts it's very difficult to change, maybe impossible.
Well, that's my two bits, off the cuff, I have to say that I haven't mastered it, recently in a four year apprenticeship class I have wished the guy/teacher wouldn't put me down and insult me, I felt like I couldn't stand up to him, I was afraid of getting booted out of the program, this was only ten years ago, so I have carried it all with me throughout my life. I didn't have a name for it back then, but it's dissociation, so when I was threatened I dissociated, then the teacher got angry because I was dissociated. He didn't know, I didn't know, other students made fun of me, my age, hair color, I past the test and the one ridiculing me flunked. He made it eventually though.
Just before I retired, this same guy/teacher told me he was very proud of me, that I had turned out to be one of the best, by then I heard him, thanked him, tried to appreciate that he was trying to make amends, but the hurt was so deep I couldn't wait to get out of the car and get away. He'd offered me a ride because he wanted to say that, I accepted the ride because I didn't want to appear... I wish I could have been able to show appreciation, I had given him every excuse for his behavior in class and worked three times harder than anyone else, because I felt so threatened. But I felt very abused, he did that with other women also, several of us compared notes, it was as if he didn't want us in the trade but he had no choice.
All in all I don't know if you can make a difference, I think we may be beaten down and scared and feel that there is no safe place. I suppose the real thing is that I was scared of being judged, can you encourage and teach and not show judgment or frustration?
Golly, does this make any sense? Take the good and dump the rest, I'm not sure which is which, ha ha ha, such a difficult question, such a difficult job, thank you for asking and making me think of where I'm coming from, it was indeed a tough exercise.
Heather