These are the things I would love to hear from others:
1. "I don't know what PTSD is. Can you help me understand it so that I can understand how to help you?"
2. "What do you need right now?"
3. "What do you need from me right now?"
4. "What can I do to help?"
5. "What would make you feel safe right now?"
6. "Tell me if I say the wrong thing, because I really want to help you." This shows openness and helps the sufferer feel less afraid to let you know when you're saying things that make it worse.
7. "Would it help if I ...(fill in the blank)
8. Accept how they feel and don't argue with them and tell them they should feel a different way.
9. Share your own experiences but in a way that shows empathy. Acknowledge that you realize that even if you've both gone through something similar, that the PTSD person has different challenges and needs to get through it differently. Don't share experiences if your only goal is to tell the PTSD sufferer how you got through it and insist that they need to do exactly what you did and they'll get through it, too.
10. "Do you feel like getting out today?" instead of "You need to get out and go do something"
11. Use active listening skills. Repeat what they've told you, such as, "What I hear you telling me is that you feel...." This helps us feel understood and listened to.
12. Accept their triggers and respect them. For instance, a particular type of music is a trigger for me and a friend kept arguing with me that I used to like that music and there's no reason for me not to like it now and that I'm "letting this person" take something important from me. Triggers may not seem rational to someone who's never experienced them. If you suggest an activity and the PTSD person says, no, that will upset me, don't argue with them about it. Simply ask, "Is there an activity we can do that feels safe and enjoyable to you?" And even if that activity isn't your cup of tea, be a friend and go do it with him/her.
Basically, the most helpful sentences for me start with "How can I", "What can I", "What do you need" "Would it help if... ", "How do you feel today?", "Would you like...", "Do you want to", "Can I", "May I"
After a trauma, it's hard to feel like you are in control because usually a circumstance has happened that was out of your control or someone exerted control over you, leaving you feeling unsafe.
That's why the most harmful sentences for me are ones that start with "You need to" ,"You should" ,"You shouldn't","You have to" "Here's what you need to do" etc., because it just feels like one more person trying to control me and take over my life, and make decisions for me.
If I tell someone I can't even get the dishes done or feed myself, I'd rather someone say "Would it help if I came over and did the dishes and brought you dinner?" instead of "I'm coming over to do your dishes and make you eat something." Give the person a choice. Give them the option to accept your help instead of having help forced on them. It's so important for us (at least for me) to get our sense of control back, and choice is a big part of that.